Category Archives: Science

Disarming the contradiction of the halting problem

Disarming the contradiction of the halting problem

[Last Update: 28th November 2018]

My daughter Dhivyah recently asked me (July / August 2016) if the current development of the artificial intelligence is similar to the human intelligence. This has motivated me to write about a problem in computability theory the so-called halting problem.

Many computer scientists knows the holding problem from the theoretical computer science lecture. It says that there is a universal program that decides for all possible programs in the world whether the program will terminate from running or continue to run forever. Because the universal program have to decide for all programs, it also have to decide about itself if it holds or not. This leads to a contradiction.

Clarification of the contradiction

If the universal program has to decide about itself that it will not halt then the universal program has to terminate. This is a contradiction.

Mathematical formulation of the halting problem

∀x∈X ∃y∈X ∶ x → halt = yes / no
(X = Set of all possible programs); (y = universal program)

[The mathematical expression (two lines) reads as follow:]
For all element x from the set X there exist a y from the set X so that should be checked if x halts or not. Capital letter “X” is the set of all possible programs, small letter “y” is the universal program which have to verify or falsify. The small letter “x” is one of the program from the set “X“.

How can we eliminate this contradiction or disarm it?

Solution / disarming

By simply forbidding that the Universal program does not have to decide about itself.

Addendum: 28th November 2018

The analogy of my approach or solution is similar to that of the Russell’s antinomy or barber paradox. One has tried to eliminate the paradox contained in the naive set theory through axiomatization. One of the most well-known axiomatization in modern mathematics was the Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory with axiom of choice (ZFC).

Mathematical formulation of disarming

∀x∈X’ ∃y∉X’ ∶ x → halt = yes / no
(Equivalent formulation: ∀x∈X’ ∃y∈X ∶ x → halt = yes/ no)
(X’ = Set of all possible programs without y); (y = universal program; y∉X’ and y∈X, X’ ⊂ X)

[The same as above in “Mathematical formulation of the halting problem” with two exceptions: ∉ stands for “not element of” and ⊂ stands for “strict subset of“;  X’ is strict subset of X]

How powerful are the two sets X and X’ ? X’ is the new set, except that it does not contain the universal program y.

The answer is analogous to the decision of countability of the set of natural numbers. The set of natural numbers is infinite but still countable! How large is the new set of natural numbers when you take one element out of the set? Still infinite?

Conclusion

Now try to transfer the knowledge obtained here to the subject of artificial intelligence, then you know how powerful the artificial intelligence can be or is unofficially.

Here are some “official” computer science topics. The focus is on the term “official“:

Side note

Imagine there would be no wars in this world. Most of the wars/civil wars are on militarily important strategy points. What a coincidence 😉 ?

Not everything that one can formulate in mathematics is a projection of the reality or is physically possible. In physics there is an upper limit, see my article “The Infinite Creator’s power and the limited technical power/science”.

Moore’s law

What often wrongly interpreted (also by many professors) is the well-known “law” of Moore. Moore was the co-founder of Intel. The word “law” is totally misleading. It is not a law, only pure calculus – economic calculation!

It is also the case that many scientific achievements haven’t been presented officially to the world. You can connect this with my sentence from “Side note: Imagine there would be no wars in this world.” This push the whole thing into a new dimension of information. Please note also that there are more than one truth. This new dimension is one of many! One of the thing is also that if you present all the scientific achievements at once, you can’t reach the maximum profit. I am referring for the first time on harmless achievements. This is one of the reason why not all countries in this world had the same chance to reach wealth – without wars/civil wars, conflicts, knowledge hiding, corruption, terror, organised crime etc.!

You can make more profit if you artificially stifle the countries of the world and slowly awake one after the other. This is the only way to control the money and power cycle.

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The philosophy of Shiva Linga

The philosophy of Shiva Linga

The philosophy of Shiva Linga

Shiva’s Rudra Thandavam (சிவனின் உருத்திர தாண்டவம்)

What happens all over the world is called Shiva's Rudra Thandavam. Thandavam means dancing, but not a normal dance, it is an angry destructive dance. If the dance had lasted longer with the same intensity, everything would have been destroyed. His third eye would have opened and the whole universe were swallowed up. The time for the union of Parvathy and Shiva has come now - only in this way can the Rudra Thandavam end.
Important:

The Hindu mantras, e. g. the audio from "End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.25 (The Last Phase, current state) - Version 2" or "End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.25 (The Last Phase, current state) - Version 1 (Shiva Tandava Stotram)" and also other Hindu mantras destroys the evil, which can affect one - also / especially in our modern times.
  • [30.05.2017]: (34:17 min, 1.6 GB, mp4-Video Datei: 1080p) NEU End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.25 (The Last Phase, current state) – Version 2 (The verses are from Rudri Paath, Shukla Yajur Veda) eBook (pdf, ePub etc.): The Yajur Veda by Devi Chand
  • [25.05.2017]: (6:37 min, 321 MB, mp4-Video File: 1080p) End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.25 (The Last Phase, current state) – Version 1 (Shiva Tandava Stotram) The Shiva Tandava Stotram which is composed by Ravana a great Shiva Bhakta was a devotion to Shiva. Ravana is the king of Sri Lanka and plays the counterpart of Rama in the Ramayana. Side note: The volume ratio between earth and our sun is 1 : 1,000,000 (one to a million), the mass ratio between earth and sun is 1 : 330,000 (one to three hundred thousand).
  • [23.05.2017]:
    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.25 (The Last Phase, current state)

    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.25 (The Last Phase, current state) [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

     
  • [23.05.2017]:
    Shiva Linga Pooja

    Shiva Linga Pooja

  • [10.03.2017]:
    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.2 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.2 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

  • [22.09.2016]:
    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.1 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5.1 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

  • [20.09.2016]:
    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

    End of the Cleaning Procedure v5 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

  • [25.08.2016]:
    End of the Cleaning Procedure v4 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

    End of the Cleaning Procedure v4 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

  • [24.08.2016]:
    End of the Cleaning Procedure v3 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

    End of the Cleaning Procedure v3 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

  • [03.08.2016]:
    End of the Cleaning Procedure v1 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

    End of the Cleaning Procedure v1 [7725≡88], the second sun → 25xSun

The transcendent of the number three

The transcendent of the number three

[Last Update: 04.01.2017]

Three stages or three states of the divine are described in Hinduism in the following way:

அரூபம் (Transliteration: Aruhpam)

Arupam is the transcendental “form” of the divine. Actually the word/term “form” is contradictory to that what is being described here.

Another way to describe: Arupam describes a state of formless existence of the divine. Here the word “existence” is disturbing. It describes a state in our physical world but this form is apart from our world.

  • dimensionless, formless = no space
    → similar to the state before Big Bang
  • timeless = time does not exist [?]
    [→ similar to the state before Big Bang]

→ apart from space and time:
It should be clear to everyone that time, matter, space etc. arose with the Big Bang.

[Sanskrit]:
Yato vaco nivartante 
aprapya manasa saha 

Translation: 
This is the state where the power of the natural language is insufficient to describe it and our mind is not able to conceive it.

Source: Yajur Vedha & Taittiriya-Upanishads: 4.1.1 + 4.1.2

அருவுருவம் (Transliteration: Aruvuruvam)

This is a form more precisely a state which is neither Aruhpam (formless) nor Uruvam (form-bound). This is a transitional form.

[Sanskrit]:
Na asat aseet 
na sat aseet tandanim

Rough translation: 
It is neither existent nor non-existent.

Source: Rig Vedha

உருவம் (Transliteration: Uruvam)

Uruvam describes the state when God takes a form to show mankind the way. This is called Avatara (அவதார) or incarnation. The word Avatar, which exists in our modern time/world, is a variation/modification of the word Avatara.

Summary

One can refer the three stages of the divine also to the universe. These stages are also consistent with the Big Bang theory.

The model of truth

The model of truth

[Last update: 18th July 2017]

Many understand under the model of truth only the two common defintions of truth. One is the truth and the other one is the untruth or the non-truth. The classical mathematical proof is based on this dualistic principle. There is a similar model in mathematics, called fuzzy logic, but that is not what I mean.

[Attention: The understanding of truth takes different dimensions in quantum physics, see Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle and the thought experiment “Schrödinger’s cat“]

Can our world be described purely by the classic model so far, or must we extend or complement this model? What if this model is not even enough for our classical view. Can truth be at the same time true and false, or never meet the criteria of the other two?

In philosophy, we discover a truth model that has three faces, or, as the physicists or mathematicians would formulate, consist of three states. The absolute truth, the non-truth, and the third is the “relative (suggested or subjective) truth”. The latter is the truth which an individual perceives as true, but which does not correspond to the absolute truth. Absolute truth is always true in any view and state, regardless of perspective, and there is no truth above it.

This philosophical construct is not only of a platonic nature! The special theory of relativity also makes use of this definition (question of perspective or frame of reference) without mentioning this.

  • (Absolute) truth, it is true in every context or in all areas. (There is no truth above it)
  • The non-truth, it is wrong in every context or in all areas
  • The relative truth, it is true or false only from a certain context
    • The relative truth should be well defined in philosophy, politics and similar disciplines in order to explain occurrences and actions better:
      • suggested truth:
        The truth which is held to be true
      • subjective truth:
        The truth which one or more individuals consider/think to be true, as it is suggested by external sources or it is perspective

The terms and their definitions, as I have defined them here, is important in order to be able to judge and understand things differently. The mind must be sensitized and properly trained for this task.

Many do not know that journalism is the unofficial fourth pillar of a democratic legal system. In this context, I would like to introduce a person / journalist, whom I humanly as well as intellectually admire – that is no other than Peter Scholl-Latour. His reports and his knowledge are legendary. Sometimes even for such a person it is not, or hardly possible, to present the absolute truth, as I have defined it here. Because even such personalities do not have the knowledge for example about all unofficial technologies to bring the absolute truth to light.

The proceeding of certain interest groups, as I have already described in my article “The oldest war weapon in the world,” is not only one-dimensional, it is multi-dimensional. Just to concentrate only on technologies and psychology is bad. There are other attack areas like the economy, personal life etc.

In addition, I recommend the following Wikipedia article to read:

But do not confuse this with my sentence “violation of causality”!

Footnote

* Helmut Schmidt and Peter Scholl-Latour at the talk show of Mr. Beckmann (Public broadcasting: → ARD) [Translated: Helmut Schmidt meets Peter Scholl-Latour, broadcasted on 2nd May 2011 on ARD]

I should also like to mention that Helmut Schmidt had through his work as a Federal Chancellor from 1974 to 1982 and from 1969 to 1972 through his work as Federal Minister of Defense, additional (intelligence agency) information or a different view of information as Peter Scholl- Latour. The old Chancellor already knew in those days about the activities of different secret services and the technologies used by them, which is first now known to the wider world population by the current reconnaissance. This can be seen clearly in the interview. Anyone who knows all the public appearances of the two admirable personalities can make a better picture from local politics to world politics. There are also many books about and by the two gentlemen.

For a better understanding, I would recommend the book Targeted Killing: The Future of the War by Armin Krishnan. This book is only in German language available. Unfortunately, there is also no printed version for this book, but the digital edition (Kindle Edition) is available by amazon. If you have an Amazon account and a tablet PC or smartphone, you can download the Kindle app to read the purchased book. You do not really need the Amazon in-house Kindle Reader. You can use every Android phone and iPhone, where this Kindle app can be installed. This app is also available as desktop software for the personal computer.

Knowledge, another form of power

Knowledge, another form of power

There is enough information on the Internet, but it is sometimes unsuitable for scientific purposes because the sources do not meet the standards of science. It is for everyone advisable to continue one’s education. I sometimes get the feeling that people are living the ideology that if one put a little effort on one’s brain it can be spared, as it may sometimes be the case with everyday things. This does not apply to our most important organ; the opposite is the case!

I would like to quote an old Tamil proverb for the end:

கற்றது கையளவு
கல்லாதது உலகளவு.

Translated it means, what you know has the dimension of a fist, compared to what you do not know, it is as big as the entire world / the universe.

Or even shorter:
What you know is the size of a fist – what you do not know is as big as the world / the universe.

Conclusion:

Only knowledge can protect everyone from that, what is currently happening all over the world. Hope that when the purification procedure is over, it will never be needed again for a yuga, or these downgrades of yugas will no longer be the case – except for one’s own karma, it is always enduring. For information, we are in Kali Yuga after the Hindu age.

By-the-way (btw):
Wissenschaft [→ science] = Wissen erschaffen [→ create knowledge]
Wissenschaft [→ science] ≠ Wissen begraben [→ burying knowledge]

I will give you a few sources here, how and where you can possibly get free electronic books, etc., then gradually expand them without getting this post to the foreground each time.

The links to the free eBooks pages as well as the online sources can be only found in the future here: